It’s nice to skip a trailing delimiter when printing out a container.
A straightforward solution could be:
#include <iostream> #include <vector> int main(int argc, char* argv[]) { int a[] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }; std::vector<int> v(a, a + 5); for (int i = 0; i < v.size(); ++i) { std::cout << v[i]; if (i < v.size() - 1) std::cout << ", "; } std::cout << std::endl; return 0; }
A condition in the loop solves the problem, it’s better to iterate containers using manipulators:
#include <iostream> #include <vector> int main(int argc, char* argv[]) { int a[] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }; std::vector<int> v(a, a + 5); for (std::vector<int>::const_iterator i = v.begin(); i != v.end(); ++i) { std::cout << *i; if (v.end() - i > 1) std::cout << ", "; } std::cout << std::endl; return 0; }
It’s not also great because iterators of some containers don’t support subtraction. For example, this code doesn’t compile if we use std::list
instead of std::vector
(the first example also fails on std::list
but due to another reason). The better way is:
#include <iostream> #include <vector> int main(int argc, char* argv[]) { int a[] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }; std::vector<int> v(a, a + 5); typedef std::vector<int>::const_iterator iterator; for (iterator i = v.begin(); i != v.end(); ++i) { std::cout << *i; if (std::distance<iterator>(i, v.end()) > 1) std::cout << ", "; } std::cout << std::endl; return 0; }
The std::distance
template can calculate the distance between two iterators even if they don’t support arithmetics. But for this kind of containers std::distance
just iterates from one to another and the overall time of the print loop seems to be O(N^2)
instead of original O(N)
. Also we have to use the type name twice — to declare the iterator and to instantiate std::distance
. For example, Visual Studio 2008 cannot deduct the type from the parameters of std::distance
.
There is another neat way allowing to use iterators (with O(N)
time even for containers such as std::list
), and to write beautifully and compactly:
#include <iostream> #include <vector> int main(int argc, char* argv[]) { int a[] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }; std::vector<int> v(a, a + 5); for (std::vector<int>::const_iterator i = v.begin(); i != v.end(); ++i) { std::cout << *i; if (i != --v.end()) std::cout << ", "; } std::cout << std::endl; return 0; }
The trick with pre-increment --
operator allows to check effectively for the last element of a container.